A bitterly cold Arctic air mass has caused temperatures to plummet across much of the northern hemisphere, where parts of the US, Canada and Siberia have recorded temperatures below minus 40C.
In the US, the powerful Arctic storm has placed more than 200mn people, about 60 per cent of the population, under weekend weather alerts with warnings of life-threatening wind chills, blizzards and ice storms.
The cold weather and hazard forecasts extend as far south as the US-Mexico border, the Gulf coast and Florida, where near-freezing temperatures are expected on Christmas Eve.
The weather system, which is being called a “Bomb Cyclone”, is also known as a bombogenesis, a term given to an explosive storm that intensifies rapidly. In such storms, temperatures plummet as the atmospheric pressure drops significantly, usually as the result of a cold air mass from the north colliding with a warm air mass from the south, according to the National Ocean Service.
In Chicago, temperatures fell to minus 23C in the early hours of Friday, and New York was forecast to swing from 11C on Friday morning to minus 10C by the afternoon. Miami temperatures were forecast to plummet from a warm 28C on Friday to just 5C overnight on Saturday.
In the northern US, much of Montana and Wyoming has experienced temperatures of below minus 45C, or 15C below the 1981-2010 average.
Patterns of extreme weather typify the effects of climate change, although weather attribution experts are cautious about assessing single events.
However, some meteorologists this week linked the freeze to the shifting jet stream that has caused disrupted weather patterns for several years.
Scientists have been attempting to understand how a peculiar shape in the band of fast-moving air that controls weather in the mid-latitudes is driving the extreme weather events, including heatwaves.
US president Joe Biden issued warnings from the White House on Thursday about the severe weather system that would disrupt most of the country and create life-threatening conditions.
The storm would bring with it powerful Arctic gusts that would cause sudden whiteouts and zero visibility, the national weather service said. Travel in those conditions would be “extremely dangerous and at times impossible”.
“In addition to the very cold temperatures, high winds in the wake of the front will produce dangerous wind-chill readings across nearly all of the central to eastern US,” it added, warning the plunging temperatures could lead to frostbite on bare skin within five to 10 minutes.
More than 6300 flights had been cancelled across the US on Friday, including some 3600 international flights, according to the flight-tracking site FlightAware.
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