Francesca is a community manager on the marketing team at Asana, a company that builds work-management software. Always enthusiastic about trying new ways to make her job easier, she volunteered for the company’s “Meeting Doomsday” pilot study, where she and eight of her fellow marketing colleagues sought to reduce the amount of time they spent in meetings.
The group started by deleting all small recurring meetings (those with fewer than five attendees) from their calendars for 48 hours. During those 48 hours, they considered the value of each deleted meeting and then repopulated their calendars with the ones that still seemed valuable.
At first, Francesca was a bit skeptical about the pilot because she thought her calendar was already in “top shape.” She also worried that, by ridding her calendar of recurring meetings — even for just 48 hours — others would “snatch” precious windows on her and fellow team members’ calendars because, “I sit on a globally distributed team, and there are limited time windows when it is acceptable to schedule our team meetings.” Despite such qualms, Francesca joined her teammates in clearing their calendars and was pleasantly surprised by the results.
Francesca’s story is just one case study within “The Friction Project,” our investigation of how organizations can make the right things easier and the wrong things harder. We began this journey in 2014 with Robert’s Stanford colleague, Huggy Rao. Since then, in nearly all of the dozens of workplaces we’ve studied, helped, or worked at, we’ve found that meetings in particular create wasteful and soul-crushing friction.
We began studying how to fix broken meetings shortly after the start of our journey, back in 2015, when we wrote about a 2013 purge at Dropbox, where Rebecca worked at the time. Top executives deleted all standing meetings from employees’ calendars (except ones with customers) and prevented meeting hosts from adding back their standing meetings for two weeks. While some participants told us that they enjoyed the lighter calendars that resulted from the purge, there was no systemic assessment or follow-up. And Dropbox executives told us that, just a couple years after the purge, the meeting bloat had returned.
The Dropbox purge sparked our interest and was a great story. But now we’re taking a more research-based approach to repairing meetings and other organizational woes through the Work Innovation Lab at Asana, a think tank Rebecca heads up. The Lab’s mission is to help businesses understand and respond to the changing nature of work. In addition to pilots within Asana, the Lab is working with several outside companies, and its work has been inspired by lessons from The Friction Project over the years, especially the focus on making workplaces more efficient.
Taken together, here’s what we’ve learned about how managers can rethink meetings.
Rebuilding Meetings from the Ground Up
At The Work Innovation Lab, we started our research on meetings with Meeting Doomsday, that pilot study Francesca and her marketing colleagues joined. We found that on average, each volunteer saved 11 hours per month. Francesca turned out to be our Doomsday all-star, saving 32 hours a month.
We followed up Meeting Doomsday with a “Meeting Reset,” where we studied 60 Asana employees within the marketing team and assessed 1,160 of their standing meetings. The time savings were less dramatic than Doomsday but still packed a punch. Those 60 people saved a total of 265 hours per month by eliminating and revamping meetings. We used the lessons from Doomsday and the Reset to create a Fixing Meetings Playbook to help other companies rethink their meeting cultures.
How to Fix Meetings
The Playbook contains a step-by-step guide to help you identify, eliminate, and repair broken meetings. As we analyzed the results of our meeting research at The Work Innovation Lab, we identified five key ingredients for success:
1. Adopt a subtraction mindset.
Humans’ default mode for problem-solving is to add something, rather than take something away. Through a series of studies, Gabrielle Adams of the University of Virginia and her colleagues found that “subtraction neglect” is pervasive. This “addition sickness” also plagues meetings — people keep piling more onto already chock-full calendars without much thought.
Adams’ research shows that when people are reminded to subtract and pause to do so, the interruption dislodges some of their cognitive machinery and they adopt a subtraction mindset. One way to trigger this mindset is to use simple rules, like the “rule of halves” Leidy Klotz (author of Subtract) and Robert have proposed. Imagine that all your meetings were cut by 50% along dimensions including number, length, and size. What would happen?
Doomsday activated this mindset. As volunteers repopulated their calendars, they subtracted — a lot. They removed some low-value meetings for good. They shortened and changed the cadence of others. Some 30-minute meetings became 25 minutes. Some weekly meetings became monthly.
2. Start with a clean slate.
We invited Reset participants to join one of two groups. The first was the “full participation” or “Full Doomsday” group: They purged their calendars for 48 hours, evaluated each meeting, and then repopulated their calendars. The second group chose a “light” version: They assessed each meeting on their calendars but didn’t do the 48-hour purge.
Both groups saved time, but the Full Doomsday group saved an average of five hours per person each month versus three hours for the light group. When we asked Gabrielle Adams about this difference, she suggested the “clean slate” approach nudged volunteers to slow down and think more deeply about whether meetings were necessary or if they could be redesigned — while people in the light group didn’t slow down as much. Adams pointed to evidence in Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman’s Thinking, Fast and Slow, which shows people are more likely to generate new ideas and abandon old habits when they pause for deep deliberation.
Adams’ argument dovetails with reports from the Full Doomsday group. They said that they not only used the 48 hours to think about which meetings to remove and which to add back, they used the break to “cleanse” their assumptions about the design of meetings they kept.
3. Use data to decide what to subtract.
Both the Doomsday and the Reset were data-driven pursuits. In the early phases of each study, we crunched the numbers to show people all the time they frittered away in meetings — which convinced many to volunteer.
One lesson from the Doomsday pilot was that people sometimes struggled to assess the value of each meeting. So, we developed a simple system for the Reset. Volunteers rated each recurring meeting on two dimensions on a three-point numerical scale:
- The effort required (including prep, actual meeting time, and follow-up work) for each meeting.
- The value of each meeting for helping them reach their goals.
Participants reported that this part of the audit was especially useful because it was easy and prompted them to think about each meeting more deeply.
As a result, we built a model based on the Meeting Reset that predicted low-value meetings with over 80% accuracy. It considers factors including meeting length, size, day of the week, and title. Meetings on Mondays were rated as most valuable. Wednesday meetings, which coincided with Asana’s “No Meeting Wednesdays,” were least valuable, probably because people resented when colleagues violated the explicit company norm of not scheduling meetings on that day. In addition, meetings with titles that included specific project and team names were rated most valuable, while vague “catch ups” and “coffee chats” were least valuable.
4. Create a movement.
Meetings are easier to fix when people do it together — when it feels like a movement, be it in your team, department, or entire organization. Unlike the Dropbox purge, neither Doomsday nor the Reset were top-down changes. Asana employees were given the choice to opt in and encouraged each other to cut and revamp meetings while sharing ideas for doing so.
As with any movement, some people were enthusiastic, others went along grudgingly, and others elected not to join. But even teammates who didn’t join still benefited because their loads got lighter, too. And some who initially resisted joining the Reset did so after they experienced and heard about the benefits from volunteers.
5. Don’t just subtract meetings — redesign them.
We were surprised by how much time savings from the Meeting Reset came from changes other than eliminating meetings completely. Only 30% of the time savings came from canceling meetings entirely; the remaining 70% came from volunteers who redesigned the meetings they kept. For example, 27% came from restructuring meetings so that fewer people attended or from replacing parts with asynchronous communication. The leader of one low-value meeting eliminated a time-consuming ritual where each attendee shared a status update at the outset and replaced it with written updates from each on Asana and Slack software instead. Substantial time savings also came from meeting less often (17%) and shortening meetings (10%).
Clear the Way for What Matters Most
We checked back with Francesca six months after Doomsday. Her calendar remains lighter. She reflected, “Philosophically, we’re sticking to the Doomsday learnings. It has left a legacy — we are revising our meetings more frequently, and adjusting meetings so that we nail the cadence and time of the week.”
As you use the Fixing Meetings Playbook and embrace the subtraction mindset, don’t try to make everything quick, easy, and frustration-free. The goal is to make time for the things in life that ought to be slow — like pausing to think about your work and taking time to take care of yourself and others. Francesca told us, “Because I have more breaks in my day, I’m able to match my energy levels to specific types of work — or rest. I can meet with people when I have enough energy to engage deeply. When my productivity dips, I have enough meeting-free time in my calendar to stretch and walk away from my laptop.”
For Francesca and her colleagues, the calendar cleanse jolted them to abandon ingrained habits and gave them more time to think about tough problems, enabled them to bring their best selves to the meetings that remained on their schedules, and helped protect them from the emotional exhaustion that results from attending too many meetings — especially bad ones.
