Complex animals evolved up to 10 million years earlier than previously thought, fossil discovery shows

A trove of fossils uncovered in northwestern Canada suggests that complex animals evolved in North America earlier than previously thought.

The site houses more than 100 fossils, including six taxa never found in North America before, with some dating back 567 million years. The findings push back the origins of animals that can move themselves in search of food by several million years, according to a study published May 20 in the journal Science Advances.

“For 3 billion years, life on Earth was dominated by microbes,” study co-author Scott D. Evans, assistant curator of invertebrate paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, said in a statement. Then, all of a sudden, “we get these strange-looking marine animals big enough to see and capable of behaviors we would find familiar today. If we want to understand this transition, when life first became large, complex and unmistakenly animal, this new site has tremendous potential.”

Complex, multicellular animals first evolved during the Ediacaran period (635 million to 541 million years ago). At this time, North America was part of the ancient continent Laurentia, which predated the supercontinent Pangaea.

Some of these early animals from the Ediacaran are linked to modern animals, like mollusks and jellyfish, while others look nothing like any species living today. Most, however, had soft bodies without shells or bones, so fossils from this period are rare.

Scientists split the fossils that did form into three groups, or assemblages, based on when the animals lived. The Avalon assemblage (575 million to 559 million years ago) consisted of stationary animals that lived deep underwater. The White Sea assemblage (559 million to 550 million years ago) contained a more diverse group of animals that lived in shallower water, and the Nama assemblage (550 million to 538 million years ago) included the earliest animals that formed shells and bones.

In the new study, the researchers discovered several fossils of species known to belong to the White Sea assemblage for the first time in North America. These fossils date back 5 million to 10 million years earlier than White Sea assemblage fossils previously found in Europe, Asia and Australia.

Among the fossils were Dickinsonia, a flat, oval-shaped organism that absorbed algae through its entire bottom surface; Funisia, a tube-shaped creature that represents the oldest evidence of sexual reproduction among animals; and Kimberella, an early mollusk that may now be the oldest fossil species to exhibit bilateral symmetry.

“Not only is this new site highly diverse, but also it is from a part of the rock succession where we have previously lacked fossil remains,” study co-author Justin Strauss, an Earth scientist at Dartmouth College, said in the statement. “This is really exciting. Given our understanding of the regional geology in northwestern Canada, there is great potential here to revisit our understanding of Ediacaran Earth history.”

That potential may apply to the creatures’ evolutionary history. Based on the sediment patterns in the surrounding rock, the fossilized organisms found in Canada lived in deeper water than researchers previously thought creatures in the White Sea assemblage lived. That could suggest that the animals first evolved in deep water and gradually expanded their range into shallower water — the opposite of typical animal evolution.

“We think of the deep ocean as a dark, inhospitable place, but it is also relatively stable, with few fluctuations in things like temperature and oxygen essential to most animal life,” Evans said in the statement. “This stability may have provided key opportunities to support early animal life.”